BRUSSELS — After 18 disappointing summits since the start of the debt crisis, Europe’s leaders appeared Friday to have finally come up with quick fixes and long-term plans that show they are serious about restoring confidence in their currency union.
Global markets sighed with relief, debt-saddled Italy and Spain appeared victorious and Germany’s Angela Merkel faced potential criticism at home for conceding to pressure for an immediate deal.
The Dow Jones industrial average climbed 277 points, its second-biggest gain this year, and stocks advanced even further in Europe, in strong and weak countries alike.
The price of oil posted its biggest one-day increase in more than three years, and other commodities shot higher — signs of hope that a deal in Europe will remove a big barrier to a healthier world economy.
Leaders of 17 countries that use the euro agreed to:
•Allow two European bailout funds to pump money directly into troubled European banks, rather than make loans to governments to bail out the banks. The move rescues banks without putting strapped countries deeper in debt.
Use bailout money “in a flexible and efficient manner to stabilize” European government bond markets.
Let countries that have made economic reforms as require by EU authorities tap the European rescue funds without submitting to stringent bailout programs.
Tie their budgets, currency and governments ever tighter in a vast new economic union down the line.
European Council President Herman Van Rompuy called it a “breakthrough.” Global stock markets and the euro rallied hard.
Concerns remain. Most of the measures approved in the Brussels summit will take months to come into force. The $630 billion firepower of the permanent bailout fund may not be enough. And given how shaky Spain’s and Italy’s finances are, and how jittery markets are, new roadblocks could send the continent back into crisis.
But some key points will kick in within 10 days: On July 9, eurozone countries will agree to give Spanish banks rescue loans and also allow the current, temporary European bailout fund to directly purchase Spanish government bonds.
The decision is a victory for Spain and Italy, whose borrowing costs have risen to near unsustainable levels despite their efforts to cut government spending and reform their labor markets.
In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel is likely to face a grilling from a skeptical German Parliament later. Heading into the summit, Merkel had stuck to her line that any financial help from Europe’s bailout fund must come with tough conditions, so a separate decision allowing countries that have reformed their economies easier access to bailouts, without such stringent conditions, was widely seen as a defeat by the German press.
Merkel insisted the funds would still only be released when it was clear countries were undertaking serious reforms.
“We remain completely within our approach so far: help, trade-off, conditionality and control, and so I think we have done something important, but we have remained true to our philosophy of no help without a trade-off,” Merkel told reporters in Brussels.
Van Rompuy dismissed talk that Merkel had lost in the negotiations.
“It was a tough negotiation,” Van Rompuy said. “And you can’t summarize this in winners and losers.”
In addition, the leaders of the eurozone countries authorized the EU bailout funds to buy bonds of countries in order to reduce the interest rates the markets charge.
Leaders of the full 27-member European Union, which includes non-euro countries such as Britain and Poland, also agreed to a long-term framework toward tighter budgetary and political union, though those plans will require treaty changes and won’t be realized for years.
The scale of the moves were unexpected and provided investors a reason for optimism, even as analysts cast doubt on the plans’ feasibility and noted that some fundamental problems with the common currency remain.
“I think the elements we put together will reassure the markets,” said Eurogroup President Jean-Claude Juncker.
Mario Draghi, the head of the European Central Bank, was similarly optimistic.
“I’m actually quite pleased with the outcome of the European Council,” said Draghi. “It showed the long-term commitment to the euro by all member states of the euro area. But also it reached tangible results in the shorter term.”
Stocks around the world surged Friday, with markets in countries on the front line of the crisis doing particularly well. Italy’s FTSE MIB and Spain’s IBEX indexes each rose 3 percent.
Perhaps more importantly, the yield on Spain’s 10-year bond dropped by 0.32 percentage points to 6.58 percent. Italy’s was down by 0.14 percentage points to 5.94 percent. Both countries have seen their rates edge toward the 7 percent level which is seen as unsustainable over the long term.
The importance of recapitalizing banks directly from the bailout fund became evident this month when Spain was offered (euro) 100 billion ($125.6 billion) for its shaky banks. Previously the bailout loan would have to be made to the Spanish government, which would lend it on to the banks. The prospect of having that debt on the government’s books spooked investors, who began demanding higher interest rates to reflect the risk of a Spanish default.
Lending the money directly to the banks avoids putting more debt on the government’s books.
Also boosting market confidence was the agreement to waive the permanent bailout fund’s preferred creditor status for aid given to Spanish banks. So far, any money the fund puts into a bank would get repaid before any other investors.
When Spain agreed to take rescue loans for its banks, the news failed to boost confidence in the banks because investors worried that, if one of those banks collapsed, they would be last to get repaid. Eurozone leaders agreed to waive the bailout fund’s preferred creditor status only in Spain’s case.
Some analysts, however, noted that the size of the bailout funds some (euro) 500 billion would have to be increased to be a realistic backstop for public debt and banks across the continent. Italy alone has government debt of (euro) 2.4 trillion.
“These steps are the obvious ones to take to try to restore some confidence in the market in the short term,” said Gary Jenkins, managing director of Swordfish Research in London. “Alone, they do not solve the underlying problems but they might buy a bit of time, which is probably about the best they can do right now.”
Though welcoming the measures that were taken, analysts think more will have to be done.
“If the aim is to ease tensions on the Italian and Spanish bond market on a more sustainable basis, we probably will need to have more assurance on the fire power,” said analyst Carsten Brzeski of ING in a note.
Brzeski said more liquidity support from the ECB — such as in the form of cheap loans to banks — “looks inevitable” and may come as soon as Monday.
The EU leaders also agreed to devote (euro) 120 billion in stimulus to encourage growth and create jobs, though half of it had already been earmarked and it includes only (euro) 10 billion in actual new commitments. France had pushed for the growth package, arguing that austerity measures are stifling growth and making debt reduction more difficult.
They also agreed to give the ECB powers to oversee big European banks by the end of the year.
For the longer-term, the 27 leaders of the EU agreed on “four building blocks” of a tighter union — but postponed specifics until a study due in October. The building blocks, which include sharing debt in the form of jointly issued eurobonds, were laid out in a sweeping document presented by Van Rompuy and colleagues before the summit.
However, France’s President Francois Hollande said the general agreement on the tighter union did not for now include any commitment on eurobonds from Germany and other stronger economies that have firmly opposed sharing debt with more profligate countries such as Greece.
Hollande claimed to play the role of mediator instead of partnering with Germany as France traditionally does.
“No one can say I won or I lost,” he said. “What was at stake was Europe. That’s who won.”
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