NEW YORK – The Beach Boys. Frank Sinatra. Liberace.
To the ear, the three shared little. But their offstage antics were music to the ears of the FBI, where all three became the subject of muckraking files in the agency’s Washington, D.C., headquarters.
The portfolios contain innuendo and allegations, with the occasional revelation thrown in. The Beach Boys’ penchant for psychedelic drugs and Sinatra’s alleged sex parties with President Kennedy are old news.
But who knew of Liberace’s reputed fondness for gambling? The file on Wladziu Valentino Liberace reports that the rhinestone-worshipping Las Vegas entertainer was betting with a bookie in blue-collar Buffalo for years.
Celebrities and criminals, rock stars and mob stars, athletes and artists – scores of high-profile Americans have their very own FBI file, a bold-faced universe rife with dirt and scandal. It’s no surprise that gossip columnists such as Walter Winchell turn up as sources.
The files chronicle mass marketer Walt Disney and mass murderer Ted Bundy, comic genius Groucho Marx and cosmic genius Albert Einstein. There are reports of canoodling (although the FBI prefers the term “extramarital affairs”), heavy boozing, mob ties, drug use and the rest of the requisite dish.
The sheer volume became clear in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by the Associated Press for every FBI “High Visibility Memorandum” filed between 1974 and 2005, allowing a lengthy traipse through the lives of celebrities from A (Louis Armstrong) to Kaye (Danny) to Z (Efrem Zimbalist Jr.).
The AP’s request produced more than 500 redacted memos totaling nearly 1,500 pages – a stack of documents 6 inches high.
Tucked inside the pile of paperwork were FBI memos on spouse stars Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball; football stars Dexter Manley and Walter Payton; Mayors Marion Barry and Frank Rizzo; and mobsters Carlo Gambino and Mickey Cohen.
The memos even contain information never made public before. The February 2001 paperwork on film director Otto Preminger’s file mentioned “all of the information on Preminger’s desire to be a source for the FBI is being withheld.”
Until now.
In the FBI’s files, Andy Warhol’s 15 minutes of fame never expire. Instead, as his memo noted, the 38 pages about the artist’s film company and a 1968-69 investigation are there for eternity.
Jimmy Hoffa’s daughter asked for the files regarding her long-missing dad – 69 volumes of documents and memorandums. James Earl Ray, who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr., filed more than 50 FOIA requests from 1977 to 1995 on a variety of subjects, including one seeking records about the FBI’s electronic surveillance of King’s widow.
The FBI also kept a file on “The FBI” – the long-running television show starring Zimbalist as Inspector Lewis Erskine. The real FBI, according to memos, had casting control over its video incarnation. Bette Davis and Robert Blake were banned from appearing.
Davis was bumped as a reputed communist sympathizer. Blake, recently acquitted of killing his wife, was brushed off after expressing his opinion that “killers aren’t at fault, society is,” according to a memo.
Sinatra’s file generated national headlines upon its 1998 release, as much for its lack of headline-making material as for anything it contained. But tons of other material is there, some of it barely noticed in the vast verbal ocean of Web sites, books, newspapers and other publications.
The presence of a file or a memo doesn’t necessarily mean the subject was targeted for an investigation.
“Celebrity files can be tricky to understand,” said FBI historian John Fox. “They can be collections of information gathered from other files. … Louis Armstrong is a good example of that. It would be incorrect to say the FBI investigated him.”
The FBI won’t divulge its exact number of files, but estimates are it could total more than 6 million. The agency has long maintained that its era of surveillance for political purposes is over, reflecting changes that followed FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover’s death in 1972 – but there remain plenty of nuggets tucked away on FBI letterheads:
* Actor Victor Mature once contacted the FBI about a stalker, but was “probably intoxicated” when agents met with him. “I know Mature,” wrote FBI deputy director Clyde Tolson. “He is a little nuts.”
* Former Ohio State University football coach Woody Hayes once recruited the son of an agent in the Cleveland office to play for the Buckeyes, prompting a letter to FBI headquarters. Hoover and Hayes were pals.
* Comedian Jackie Gleason launched a 1956 attempt to track down his alcoholic father, who had disappeared when he was a child. The FBI aided by checking its fingerprint files.
While the subjects are alive, the FBI only releases public source information such as news clippings and other items already available. The full files, for both celebrities and common citizens, are not made public until after death due to privacy issues.
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