CARMEL VALLEY, Calif. — Extra virgin, light, with lemon, unfiltered, cold-pressed: the variety of olive oil on most supermarket shelves is dazzling. But what does it all mean?
These terms might be common currency among foodies and the farmer’s market crowd, but they have never been enforceable, or legally defined in the United States — until now.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture in April adopted scientifically verifiable standards for nomenclature such as “virgin” or “extra virgin,” with extra virgin considered the highest quality because it has the best flavor.
They will start enforcing the standards in October.
The definitions will differentiate cheaper impostors from the best oil: those cold-pressed, pure, golden-hued products that lead connoisseurs to talk of grass tones, apple or nut flavors and peppery finishes, in a language usually reserved for wines.
“It will put an end to marketing terms that are confusing to the consumer, such as light, extra light — language that really doesn’t meant too much,” said Patricia Darragh, executive director of the California Olive Oil Council, a trade association of producers responsible for most US-grown olive oil.
The standards will also conform to international and trade group definitions, reassuring buyers they can be sure of what’s behind that fancy label before they plunk down $15, $20 or more for a bottle.
Years before the federal standards, the California Olive Oil Council adopted their own mandatory quality test for its members in 2003. To get their seal of approval, an oil purporting to be “extra virgin” had to meet requirements including an acidity test and a taste test.
Soon after that, the association petitioned the USDA to adopt a similar approach to protect their boutique products from competition with refined olive oils of lesser quality, or even oils altered with cheaper products such as hazelnut or sunflower seed oil.
The last time the USDA visited the issue was right after World War II, when they graded olive oils with old-fashioned terms such as “choice” or “fancy,” decades before California’s olive oil industry took off.
Almost all U.S.-grown olive oil comes from California. Olive oil fetches a higher price than nut or seed oils, but is far more costly and labor intensive to produce.
“There has been a concern for some time about the quality and truthfulness of oil brought into the United States,” said Darragh. “In the absence of a federal standards, some unscrupulous importers have flooded the market.”
Adulteration scandals in the 1990s led the European Union, which produces the majority of the world’s supply, to establish an investigative task force to handle the matter.
It also hurt the developing U.S. industry, said Darragh.
The new regulations provide specific chemical parameters of purity and freshness that provide a basis for enforcement. They include indicators for fatty acid composition, which helps separate olive oils from seed oils, and the ultraviolet light absorption, which indicates the oil’s state of preservation, as well as a taste test by experts.
Rayne Pegg, an administrator with the USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service, said the standards establish “a common language for trade while providing consumers more assurance about the quality of olive oil that they purchase.”
Local oil producer Griggs has had trouble breaking even, though he loves what he does. “This is my soul right here,” he says of the rolling hills of Monterey shale, where olives and wine grapes grown within reach of Pacific Ocean’s cooling breeze.
The standards will ease the pressure on price and make it a little easier to have a presence in the market, Griggs said.
“Now it’ll be a level playing field,” he said. “I’ll still put out the same product, but I won’t have to compete with garbage that’s out there.”
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