WASHINGTON — Several Republican governors have embraced a key pillar of President Barack Obama’s health-care law and agreed to a major expansion of Medicaid, representing a significant retreat from their party’s earlier, widespread opposition.
Many Republicans balked at the prospect of growing the already costly Medicaid entitlement program when the Supreme Court made that part of the health-care law optional for states in a ruling last June. Supporters of the law worried that the opposition, driven by Republican governors, could undermine the entire health-care overhaul by shrinking the pool of Americans who would gain coverage.
But six Republican governors have announced they are planning to join the program, including Michigan’s Rick Snyder on Wednesday and Ohio’s John Kasich on Monday. Jan Brewer of Arizona announced her support in mid-January.
This extraordinary turnaround suggests that the lure of federal dollars could halt Republican obstruction of the health-care overhaul. Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia are now on board, and 17 others are deliberating. The remaining 11, all with Republican governors, have said no — but observers believe the recent decisions could change some minds.
“It’s a tipping point,” Bill Pierce, a former Health and Human Services official under George W. Bush, said. “You’ve now got a real conservative state, a battleground state and a blue state all signed up. If you’re a Republican governor thinking about this, you fit into one of those categories.”
The Medicaid expansion is a critical piece of the Affordable Care Act, Obama’s signature policy accomplishment. Half of the 30 million Americans expected to gain health insurance will do so by moving onto Medicaid, beginning Jan. 1.
Since the court’s decision, hospitals and other health-care providers have lobbied governors aggressively to agree to expand their Medicaid programs. The providers had accepted billions of dollars in cuts to health-care reimbursements because they thought they would gain millions of newly insured patients through Medicaid.
They have teamed up with local chambers of commerce and small businesses to argue that states could net a windfall of federal dollars with little investment of their own, because the law guaranteed that virtually all of the newcomers to Medicaid would be covered with federal money.
Governors have become increasingly worried about getting their fair share: If they do not extend Medicaid, their federal tax dollars will still foot the bill for expansions in other states. The Obama administration has also gone out of its way to reassure governors that upcoming budget reductions will not derail the program.
Any health law program remains a tough sell among conservatives and could endanger governors seeking reelection as soon as next year. Most Republican governors, including Brewer and Kasich, have refused to set up health insurance marketplaces, another part of the ACA meant to extend coverage to the uninsured. But because of their positions on Medicaid, The Wall Street Journal’s editorial board recently described those two governors as “Obamacare Flippers” who accepted “Mr. Obama’s Medicaid bribe.”
The Medicaid expansion will cover Americans below 133 percent of the federal poverty line — $11,170 for an individual — in 2014. Currently, many of these people have no coverage at all. If all states were to participate in the Medicaid expansion, the Congressional Budget Office estimates an additional 17 million Americans would be covered by 2022.
If a state does not expand Medicaid, residents with incomes above the poverty line could access federal subsidies to purchase a private health plan. Those who earn less would not have access to the health coverage expansion.
“The logjam has broken,” said Ron Pollack, executive director of Families USA, a health advocacy group that supports the law. “When you have a governor like Kasich getting to yes, you have a critical mass.”
Pollack’s group will soon launch a $1 million campaign targeting about a dozen states still on the fence about the Medicaid provision. Families USA will also release data on the economic effect it would have in each state, detailing the additional health-care jobs it could generate.
“The business standpoint will be compelling to Republican governors who are otherwise critical of the law,” Pollack said.
The ACA initially required all states to expand Medicaid coverage to low-income Americans, which would grow the program’s enrollment from 32 million to 49 million. It would cost the federal government $795 billion in the course of a decade and is largely financed by cutting reimbursement rates paid to doctors who provide services under sister program Medicare.
In a decision that caught supporters of the law off-guard, the Supreme Court ruled that the mandatory Medicaid expansion was an overreach of federal power. It lets states choose whether to participate – and left Republican governors balancing an influx of federal dollars against political fallout.
In Ohio, Kasich’s office worked shoulder to shoulder with Obamacare supporters and opponents, crafting a lobbying campaign aimed at making a key portion of the health overhaul more palatable to businesses and legislators.
“We knew for the extension to even be a possibility, there needed to be a better understanding of it,” Kasich communications director Scott Milburn said. “That case needed to be made by stakeholders on the front lines. Once they got going, it became a persuasive argument. Their ongoing partnership on this is highly valued.”
Rather than having to convince the governor, Obamacare supporters were asked to focus their efforts on convincing businesses and legislators.
“The governor’s office said that, ‘If this is going to happen, I need to see that I’m not going to get creamed by the legislature.’ So it was very clear what we had to do,” said Cathy Levine, executive director of the Universal Health Care Action Network, which supports the health-care law.
Levine recalls her group working on an economic analysis of the Medicaid expansion, one that would eventually be published in conjunction with the Health Policy Institute of Ohio. In that process, she was in regular contact with the governor’s office, sharing different budget assumptions, to ensure they would all land near the same place.
The Kasich “administration was totally transparent about how they were developing their numbers and analysis,” Levine says. “We went back and forth so we could try to close those differences. They worked very hard on their end on an honest analysis of those numbers.”
Hospitals have been especially aggressive in pushing for the larger Medicaid program, since increasing the insurance coverage will eliminate much of the uncompensated care that they provide.
Arizona’s hospitals volunteered to pay a new tax to finance the state’s Medicaid expansion, which would give the state access to $1.6 billion more in federal funds.
“It’s not the most ideal situation,” Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association’s Pete Worthheim said. “I think the industry recognizes that if we are going to be successful, we need to bridge differences and close in on something that will work with the state budget.”
Arizona’s Brewer became worried about passing up the Medicaid expansion when she saw that nearly all of her neighboring states – including California, Colorado, New Mexico and Nevada – were opting into the program.
“From Governor Brewer’s perspective, the Medicaid expansion could represent a wealth shift from states that chose not to expand to those that choose to,” Brewer spokesman Matt Benson said. “She looked around at how Arizona would compete regionally, let alone nationally, if we didn’t go forward and ensure that Arizona tax dollars stay in Arizona.”
Since announcing her decision in January, Brewer has had conference calls with other governors explaining her state’s approach to the health-care law. She will soon crisscross the state on a publicity blitz, holding news conferences at local hospitals to rally support for the decision.
“There have been some conversations,” Benson said. “She has been on conference calls with other governors. We have had contact and calls on the staff level with other states, as well.”
Not all Republican governors are sold; 10 have said they will not move forward on the program. But health advocates still believe that, with more of their colleagues enlisting, they could have a shot at changing their minds.
“I think we’re going to see many more states come in fairly soon,” Pollack said. “There are key constituency groups close to Republican governors who are making a very compelling business case that’s hard to ignore.”
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