WASHINGTON — When the CIA set out to design a program to elicit intelligence from captured terrorists, it turned to two former Air Force psychologists in Spokane with no practical interrogation experience and no specialized knowledge of al-Qaida, according to a Senate investigation released this week.
What the two men did have was an understanding of the brutal methods employed on American prisoners of war by governments such as North Korea and Vietnam, methods that were later used to help train U.S. soldiers and airmen to resist torture.
The spy agency ended up outsourcing much of its interrogation program to the pair, who formed a company that ultimately was paid $81 million, the Senate report says. The report adds new details to what has long been known about the integral role the two psychologists played in some of the harshest treatment of CIA detainees.
The report refers to the men using pseudonyms, Grayson Swigart and Hammond Dunbar. But current and former U.S. officials have identified them as James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen.
The CIA told Congress in 1989 that “inhumane physical or psychological techniques are counterproductive because they do not produce intelligence and will probably result in false answers,” the report notes. But Mitchell and Jessen convinced top officials at the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center, then run by Cofer Black and Jose Rodriguez, that breaking people was the key to unraveling terror plots.
They reverse-engineered the military training techniques, which had never been studied as a form of interrogation. Among their recommendations was humiliation, painful stress positions, confinement, sleep deprivation — and waterboarding.
“On the CIA’s behalf, the contract psychologists developed theories of interrogation based on ‘learned helplessness,’ and developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques that was approved for use against Abu Zubaydah and subsequent CIA detainees,” the Senate report said, referring to the first significant al-Qaida figure captured, taken to a secret prison and subjected to a battery of techniques.
The psychologists personally conducted interrogations of Zubaydah and other significant detainees using these techniques. They also evaluated whether detainees’ psychological state allowed for the continued use of the CIA’s enhanced interrogation techniques.”
Some were troubled
Some CIA officials were troubled by the conflict of interest, the report notes. One CIA officer emailed that the pair had a “vested interest” in waterboarding. Another accused them of “arrogance and narcissism.”
The CIA, in its response to the Senate report, acknowledged that the conflict “raised concerns and prompted deliberation,” leading to a new rule in early 2003 that no contractor could issue a definitive psychological assessment of a detainee.
But the agency defended hiring the two psychologists.
“We believe their expertise was so unique that we would have been derelict had we not sought them out when it became clear that CIA would be heading into the uncharted territory of the program,” the agency said.
Jessen helped interrogate detainee Gul Rahman at a dungeon-like Afghanistan prison called the Salt Pit, the report says, a session that included “48 hours of sleep deprivation, auditory overload, total darkness, isolation, a cold shower and rough treatment.” A few days later, after Jessen left, Rahman was found dead of hypothermia.
Both men helped waterboard 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheik Mohammed, and threatened his children, the report said.
Rodriguez, who has criticized the Senate report, said he had nothing to add beyond the account of his 2012 memoir, “Hard Measures,” which says he asked the psychologists to help interrogate Zubaydah days after he was captured — before it was known whether he would cooperate. The Senate report says Zubaydah offered useful intelligence to FBI agents before he was tortured.
Black said he never met Mitchell and Jessen, and declined further comment.
Reached at his home in Florida, James Mitchell said he could not confirm his involvement with the CIA, citing a secrecy agreement.
Challenges report
But he challenged the Senate report as inaccurate in its assertion that the brutal tactics did not produce unique, otherwise unobtainable intelligence.
“I completely understand why the human rights organizations in the United States are upset by the Senate report,” he said. “I would be upset by it too, if it were true.”
“What they are asking you to believe is that multiple directors of the CIA and analysts who made their living for years doing this lied to the federal government, or were too stupid to know that the intelligence they were getting wasn’t useful.”
The report said Mitchell “had reviewed research on ‘learned helplessness,’ in which individuals might become passive and depressed in response to adverse or uncontrollable events. He theorized that inducing such a state could encourage a detainee to cooperate and provide information.”
University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman, who has written on “learned helplessness,” said “I am grieved and horrified that good science, which has helped so many people overcome depression, may have been used for such dubious purposes.”
Joe Margulies, a Cornell University law professor who unsuccessfully sought to have Mitchell’s Texas psychologist license revoked, said “There’s something particularly vile about misusing a skill that’s meant to help people.”
Mitchell asserted, as have former CIA officials who ran the interrogation program, that the current policy of using CIA drones to kill terrorists overseas with Hellfire missiles is more troubling than subjecting them to harsh interrogation measures.
“It’s a lot more humane, even if you are going to subject them to harsh techniques, to question them while they are still alive, than it is to kill them and their children and their neighbors with a drone,” he said.
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