First Air, a Canadian airline, flies across some of the most remote and sparsely populated areas on the continent, with routes going as far north as Resolute Bay, inside the Arctic Circle. Its planes are often beyond the reach of conventional radar. They are also nearly disappearance-proof.
That’s because of a six-pound tracking system, about the size of a hotel room safe, installed in the planes’ electronics bays. When flights proceed normally, the system never snaps into action. But if something goes wrong — a sudden loss of altitude; an unexpected bank; engine vibrations — the system begins transmitting data to the ground, via satellite, every second. That six-pound box spits out reams of performance data, as well as the basics necessary for a search-and-rescue: coordinates, speed and altitude.
The technology hardly sounds cutting edge, given today’s access to cloud storage, satellite communication and real-time data tools. But First Air is an outlier. Most commercial airlines have no comparable safeguard. As seen in the case of AirAsia Flight 8501, they can crash into the sea without relaying information about their last minutes or seconds of flight.
Given the technology that’s available, airplanes are surprisingly non-communicative. They have transponders that broadcast location, but those only work in tandem with radar. (So, good luck over the deep ocean.) About three-quarters of the world’s airlines also use an additional data system, the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), that reports data back to the ground at predetermined intervals — say, every 10 minutes. But in the case of an ocean crash, that information can leave you a Texas-sized search field and plenty of guesswork.
Of all airplane technology, though, the black boxes are the most anachronistic. The boxes — commercial planes have two — contain key flight data, but they don’t share it. They’re like padlocked desktop computers without an Internet connection. Which is why, when a plane goes down, search teams might spend months or years scouring the ocean floor before they can figure out what went wrong.
“It’s local data storage,” said Stephen Trimble, the managing editor for flightglobal.com’s Americas bureau. “The old 1950s, 1960s model.”
The black boxes also record cockpit conversation, but overwrite the audio every two hours. “This seems wholly inadequate,” Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak wrote earlier this year in a Wall Street Journal op-ed, after the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. “Given that a standard iPhone can record 24 hours of audio, surely the black box should have sufficient memory to record cockpit conversation for the full duration of any flight.”
So why don’t airlines opt for a better system? Cost is the first explanation. The system being used by First Air, designed by Calgary, Alberta-based FLYHT Aerospace Solutions, transmits data only during unexpected scenarios as a way to keep costs from spiraling out of control. Still, installation alone runs about $120,000 per plane, FLYHT CEO Bill Tempany said. For an airline like Delta, with a fleet of 764, that would add up to about $90 million.
Since MH370 veered from its course and vanished in March, a task force set up by the airline trade association has suggested that airliners install systems where key information is transmitted at least once every 15 minutes. But that proposal feels meager, some analysts say, and suggests that some airline officials don’t feel an urgent need to make improvements.
Tempany, the FLYHT executive, said airlines tend to be “very conservative.” Any new technology also requires the training of pilots and ground crew, and it opens new avenues for mistakes.
“The industry itself feels it has no reason to hurry up and do it,” Tempany said about improvements to real-time tracking. “They feel everything is good just the way it is. I personally have a very strong feeling that it’s not fair to the flying public.”
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